History, Paranoia, Fragmentation1.

In his book Aion, Jung describes something like a quasi-Hegelian progressive historical realization of the Self in a perspective similar to Fernand Braudel's longue durée history. This article deals with a similar perspective, as it tries to focus on what we may call a "cultural complex" yet within its unfolding in historical time and belonging not to just one specific cultural group, but to a large cultural basin, which we may indicate as the "West". This complex marks the birth and development of modernity. The depth, pervasiveness and duration of this cultural complex permeates the lives and psychologies of all of those that are part of it. Therefore, every analytical project must take into account the underlying emotional, epistemic and social field within which this complex constellates. One of the main features of this (trans)cultural complex, strictly connected with the progressive fragmentation of the self and the transformation of the numinosum with its meaning-giving force, is paranoia. This article analyses the historical and cultural features that produce paranoia and fragmentation and determine paranoid symptoms and attitudes.

Dans son livre Aïon, Jung décrit quelque chose comme une réalisation historique progressive quasi hégélienne du Soi dans une perspective similaire à l'histoire de longue durée de Fernand Braudel. Cet article aborde une perspective semblable, car il tente de se concentrer sur ce que nous pouvons appeler un « complexe culturel ¼. Mais ici il s'agit de son déroulement dans le temps historique et de son appartenance non pas à un groupe culturel spécifique, mais à un grand bassin culturel, que nous pouvons désigner comme « l'Occident ¼. Ce complexe marque la naissance et le développement de la modernité. La profondeur, l'omniprésence et la durée de ce complexe culturel imprègnent la vie et la psychologie de tous ceux qui en font partie. Par conséquent, tout projet analytique doit prendre en compte le champ émotionnel, épistémique et social sous­jacent dans lequel ce complexe se constelle. L'une des principales caractéristiques de ce complexe (trans)culturel, étroitement lié à la fragmentation progressive du soi et à la transformation du numinosum et de sa capacité à donner du sens, c'est la paranoïa. Cet article analyse les caractéristiques historiques et culturelles qui produisent la paranoïa et la fragmentation et déterminent les symptômes et les attitudes paranoïdes.

En su libro 'Aion', Jung describe algo así como una realización histórica progresiva cuasi­hegeliana del Self en una perspectiva similar a la historia 'longue durée' de Fernand Braudel. El presente artículo aborda una perspectiva similar, ya que trata de centrarse en lo que podríamos denominar un "complejo cultural", pero dentro de su despliegue en el tiempo histórico y perteneciente no sólo a un grupo cultural concreto, sino a una gran cuenca cultural, que podríamos señalar como "Occidente". Este complejo marca el nacimiento y el desarrollo de la modernidad. La profundidad, la omnipresencia y la duración de este complejo cultural impregnan la vida y la psicología de todos los que forman parte de él. Por lo tanto, todo proyecto analítico debe tener en cuenta el campo emocional, epistémico y social subyacente en el que se inscribe este complejo. Uno de los principales rasgos de este complejo (trans)cultural, estrictamente relacionado con la progresiva fragmentación del self y la transformación de lo numinoso con su fuerza dadora de sentido, es la paranoia. Este artículo analiza los rasgos históricos y culturales que producen la paranoia y la fragmentación y determinan síntomas y actitudes paranoides.

Dysfunctional personality beliefs and psychopathology in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy.

OBJECTIVES: To assess dysfunctional personality beliefs associated with specific personality disorders (PD), as well as psychopathological symptoms and psychological distress levels in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study included acute and chronic CSC patients and age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers. Dysfunctional personality beliefs and psychopathological symptoms assessed with Personality Belief Questionnaire-Short Form and Symptom Check List-90 Revised (SCL-90-R), respectively, were compared between CSC patients and healthy volunteers and between acute and chronic CSC patients. MAIN RESULTS: Of the 55 CSC patients included in the study analysis, 21 (38.2%) had acute and 34 (61.8%) chronic CSC. Avoidant PD (13.92±3.79 vs. 12.03±3.98, P=0.012) and obsessive-compulsive PD (13.94±3.95 vs. 12.27±3.75, P=0.025) scores on the PBQ-SF were significantly higher in CSC patients than in healthy volunteers. The PBQ-SF scores were similar between acute and chronic CSC patients. CSC patients scored significantly higher on the general severity index (GSI) and all symptom dimensions except phobic anxiety and psychoticism on the SCL-90-R. In addition, scores for obsessive-compulsive, depression, interpersonal sensitivity, paranoid ideation, and GSI were significantly higher in acute than in chronic CSC patients. CONCLUSIONS: This first study investigating the relationship between CSC and dysfunctional personality beliefs indicates that CSC patients have higher levels of dysfunctional beliefs related to avoidant and obsessive-compulsive PD than healthy volunteers. These findings present a new aspect of the personality profile of CSC patients and point to a target for intervention, i.e., dysfunctional beliefs, through a cognitive-psychiatric approach.

A stenography of empathy: Toward a consensual model of the empathic process.

Empathy has gained popularity in the general population and the scientific world during the past decade. Recently, several researchers found a significant decrease in empathy scores of healthcare students (notably medical students) and recommend promoting empathy skills in several fields of education. The current paper presents a new model of the empathic process: a stenography of empathy compelling scientific data and contemporary conceptions. Indeed, we combined all pioneer researchers' conceptions of empathy (Davis, Decety, Batson, Preston & de Waal) into an integrative model. This model is centered on the empathizer (i.e., a person observing a target experiencing emotions) and displays how all empathy components are articulated, explaining the individuals' general functioning and how the process might become dysfunctional. We illustrated applications of the model with three clinical examples (i.e., burnout, psychopathy, and borderline personality disorders) to display how empathy is related to psychopathological symptoms. We believe this new dynamic and sequential model would be helpful in explaining how empathy works, which is of great interest to healthcare students, clinicians, researchers, and academics.

[Psychological care for combatants psychotraumatized by armed conflict]. / Prises en charge psychologiques des combattants psychotraumatisés par les conflits armés.

The treatment of psychotrauma is based on two main aspects, pharmacological and psychotherapeutic, in accordance with national and international recommendations on psychotherapy, which recommend the use of different techniques, depending on the time frame of the psychotraumatic event or events. The principles of psychological support are based on three phases: immediate, post-medical and long-term. Therapeutic patient education brings added value to the psychological care of psychotraumatized people.

How and why psychiatry still needs Karl Jaspers: a dialectical account / Como e por que a psiquiatria ainda necessita de Karl Jaspers: uma leitura dialética / Comment et pourquoi la psychiatrie a encore besoin de Karl Jaspers: une lecture dialectique / Cómo y por qué la psiquiatría sigue necesitando a Karl Jaspers: una lectura dialéctica

In this paper, I analyze General Psychopathology, the seminal psychopathological work of the philosopher and psychiatrist Karl Jaspers, from a dialectical perspective, showing how it can contribute to contemporary psychiatry. Dialectical interpretations of this work are still scarce and generally address the part of the work in which Jaspers makes direct reference to dialectics. Instead, I expose the implicit dialectic by which the overall form of the work is organized. I take the "psychology of meaning" as an example for this dialectical account. I suggest two consequences of this dialectical account of the "psychology of meaning" for psychopathology, which I call intrisec ambiguity and epistemic particularism. Finally, I conclude by pointing out how both notions help shed some epistemological and pragmatic light on the discipline of psychiatry, in a sustained state of crisis.

Neste trabalho, analiso a Psicopatologia Geral, o trabalho psicopatológico seminal do filósofo e psiquiatra Karl Jaspers, por uma perspectiva dialética, mostrando como esta pode contribuir para a psiquiatria contemporânea. As interpretações dialéticas deste trabalho ainda são escassas e geralmente abordam a parte do trabalho na qual Jaspers faz referência direta à dialética. Em vez disso, exponho a dialética implícita pela qual a forma geral do trabalho é organizada. Tomo a "psicologia compreensiva" como um exemplo para este relato dialético. Sugiro duas conseqüências dessa apreensão dialética da "psicologia compreensiva" para a psicopatologia, que denomino ambiguidade intrínseca e particularismo epistêmico. Finalmente, concluo apontando de que modo ambas as noções ajudam a lançar alguma luz epistemológica e pragmática sobre a disciplina da psiquiatria, em contínuo estado de crise.

Dans cet article, j'analyse la Psychopathologie générale, l'ouvrage psychopathologique fondamental du philosophe et psychiatre Karl Jaspers, d'un point de vue dialectique, en montrant comment il peut contribuer à la psychiatrie contemporaine. Les interprétations dialectiques de cet ouvrage sont encore rares et portent généralement sur la partie de l'ouvrage dans laquelle Jaspers fait directement référence à la dialectique. En revanche, j'expose la dialectique implicite par laquelle la forme générale de l'ouvrage est organisée. Je prends la "psychologie compréhensive" comme exemple pour ce compte-rendu dialectique. Je suggère deux conséquences de cette appréhension dialectique de la "psychologie compréhensive" pour la psychopathologie, que je qualifie d'ambiguïté intrinsèque et de particularisme épistémique. Enfin, je conclus en montrant comment ces deux notions permettent d'éclairer d'un point de vue épistémologique et pragmatique la discipline psychiatrique, qui est en état de crise continue.

En este artículo analizo la Psicopatología General, la obra psicopatológica seminal del filósofo y psiquiatra Karl Jaspers, desde una perspectiva dialéctica, mostrando cómo puede contribuir a la psiquiatría contemporánea. Las interpretaciones dialécticas de esta obra son todavía escasas y suelen abordar la parte de la obra en la que Jaspers hace referencia directa a la dialéctica. En cambio, yo expongo la dialéctica implícita mediante la cual se organiza la forma general de la obra. Tomo la "psicología comprensiva" como ejemplo de este relato dialéctico. Sugiero dos consecuencias de esta aprehensión dialéctica de la "psicología comprensiva" para la psicopatología, que denomino ambigüedad intrínseca y particularismo epistémico. Finalmente, concluyo señalando cómo ambas nociones contribuyen a arrojar alguna luz epistemológica y pragmática sobre la disciplina de la psiquiatría, que se encuentra en contínuo estado de crisis.

Affinity therapy, Novidade no tratamento do autismo / Affinity therapy, Nouveauté dans le traitement de l'autisme / Affinity therapy, Novelty in the treatment of autism

Es constante en el autismo una fijación o una ritualización, una obsesión o una pasión, un interés específico o una aptitud, en resumen, una particularidad, una afinidad. Este punto permite construir una dinámica subjetiva autista: una relación al mundo, al cuerpo, a los otros y al conocimiento. La alienación significante se correlaciona con un apoyo alienante al objeto como una compensación. Para Laurent, es un "órgano suplementario" a partir del cual el sujeto articula y desglosa todo su mundo. La defensa autística es el "regreso del goce sobre un borde". El sujeto procura el apoyo de un doble, en las variadas formas clínicas y con la intervención que resultará, un tratamiento de pulsiones y dinámica vital. Considerando esta defensa: ¿qué tratamiento sería posible con el autismo? ¿Qué apoyo institucional se puede ofrecer? ¿Cómo se podría acompañar al autista? La Affinity therapy nombra lo que sería un tratamiento del autista orientado por los objetos, los intereses específicos, los dobles, las particularidades de cada autista. El artículo muestra el interés de la Affinity therapy, explica la importancia y el peso de esta práctica en el tratamiento del autismo en un trabajo interdisciplinar orientada por el discurso analítico

É frequente no autismo uma fixação ou uma ritualização, uma obsessão ou uma paixão, um interesse ou uma atitude, em resumo, uma particularidade, uma afinidade. Este ponto permite construir uma dinâmica subjetiva autista: uma relação com o mundo, com o corpo, com os outros e com o conhecimento. A alienação significante é correlata de um apoio alienante no objeto como uma compensação. Para Laurent, é um "órgão suplementar" a partir do qual o sujeito articula e separa o seu mundo. A defesa autística é o "retorno do gozo sobre uma borda". O sujeito procura o apoio de um duplo, nas variadas formas clínicas e com a intervenção [do analista?] da qual resultará um tratamento das pulsões e uma dinâmica vital. Considerando esta defesa: qual o tratamento possível do autismo? Qual apoio institucional se pode oferecer? Como acompanhar o autista? A Affinity therapy nomeia o que seria o tratamento do autista orientado pelos objetos, pelos interesses específicos, pelos duplos, pelas particularidades de cada autista. O artigo mostra o interesse da Affinity therapy, explica a importância e o peso desta prática no tratamento do autismo num trabalho interdisciplinar orientada pelo discurso analítico.

Une fixation ou une ritualisation, une obsession ou une passion, un intérêt ou une attitude, bref, une particularité, une affinité, est fréquente. Ce point permet la construction d'une dynamique subjective autistique : un rapport au monde, au corps, aux autres et au savoir. L'aliénation significative est corrélée avec le soutien aliénant sur l'objet comme compensation. Pour Laurent, c'est un « organe supplémentaire ¼ à partir duquel le sujet articule et sépare son monde. La défense autistique est le «retour de la jouissance par-dessus bord ¼. Le sujet cherche l'appui d'un double, dans les différentes formes cliniques et avec l'intervention [de l'analyste ?] qui va déboucher sur un traitement des pulsions et une dynamique vitale. Considérant cette défense : quel est le traitement possible de l'autisme ? Quel soutien institutionnel peut être proposé ? Comment accompagner l'autiste ? L'Affinity therapy nomme ce que serait le traitement des autistes orienté par les objets, par les intérêts spécifiques, par les doubles, par les particularités de chaque autiste. L'article montre l'intérêt de la thérapie par affinité, explique l'importance et le poids de cette pratique dans la prise en charge de l'autisme dans un travail interdisciplinaire guidé par le discours analytique.

A fixation or a ritualization, an obsession or a passion, an interest or an attitude, in short, a particularity, an affinity, is frequent. This point allows the construction of an autistic subjective dynamic: a relationship with the world, with the body, with others and with knowledge. Meaningful alienation is correlated with alienating support on the object as compensation. For Laurent, it is a "supplementary organ" from which the subject articulates and separates his world. The autistic defense is the "return of jouissance over the edge". The subject seeks the support of a double, in the various clinical forms and with the intervention [of the analyst?] which will result in a treatment of the drives and a vital dynamic. Considering this defense: what is the possible treatment of autism? What institutional support can be offered? How to accompany the autistic? Affinity therapy names what would be the treatment of autistic people oriented by objects, by specific interests, by doubles, for the particularities of each autistic person. The article shows the interest of Affinity therapy, explains the importance and weight of this practice in the treatment of autism in an interdisciplinary work guided by analytical discourse.

A metodologia topológica freudiana: elementos introdutórios / The freudian topological methodology: introductory elements / La méthodologie topologique freudienne: éléments préliminaires

Pretende-se evidenciar uma questão que tem sido pouco explorada: a existência de uma lógica dos lugares na obra freudiana, a que seria possível chamar de metodologia topológica freudiana. Espera-se contribuir com a exposição dos elementos introdutórios à compreensão das raízes, da constituição e dos desdobramentos do emprego de tal metodologia por Freud. Adota-se, para tanto, o seguinte encaminhamento: o discernimento da noção de invariante como categoria topológica e sua presença no percurso freudiano, o entrelaçamento dos invariantes com a metapsicologia freudiana, bem como a sua concepção psicopatológica, e, destas, com a sexualidade. Depreende-se que o discernimento de tais elementos é fundamental tanto para a compreensão do recurso singular à topologia por Lacan, como para o entrecruzamento entre a experiência psicanalítica, sua formalização teórica e sua transmissão

It is intended to highlight an underexplored issue: the existence of a logic of locations in Freud's work, which could be called Freudian topological methodology. It is expected to contribute with the exposition of introductory elements to the understanding of the roots, constitution and consequences of the use of such methodology by Freud. For this purpose, the following procedure is adopted: the discernment of the notion of invariant as a topological category and its presence in the Freudian path, the interweaving of the invariants with Freudian metapsychology and its psychopathological conception, and, of these, with sexuality. It appears that the discernment of such elements is fundamental both for understanding Lacan's unique resource to topology, and for the intercrossing between the psychoanalytic experience, its theoretical formalization and its transmission

On cherche à mettre en évidence une question qui a été peu étudiée : l'existence d'une logique des lieux dans l'œuvre freudienne, que l'on pourrait appeler la méthodologie topologique freudienne. En exposant ces éléments préliminaires, on espère contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des racines de cette méthodologie, de ses implications et de la manière dont Freud l'a utilisée. À cet effet, on adopte le cheminement suivant : le discernement de la notion d'invariant comme catégorie topologique et sa présence dans le parcours freudien, l'entrelacement des invariants avec la métapsychologie freudienne et sa conception psychopathologique, et de ces premiers et ces dernières avec la sexualité. Il en ressort que le fait de discerner ces éléments est fondamental, aussi bien pour la compréhension de la manière singulière dont Lacan a eu recours à cette topologie, que pour l'entrecroisement de l'expérience psychanalytique, de sa formalisation théorique et de sa transmission

[Professional commitment and work in psychiatry]. / L'engagement professionnel et le travail en psychiatrie.

The practice of care in a psychiatric service, whether outpatient or inpatient, appears more than ever to be a personal commitment. How can we conceive it despite the difficulties of the profession, which make new professionals hesitate to join it? There is now open talk of a "crisis in psychiatry", of professionals leaving the profession. However, many observers and caregivers manage to give meaning to this demanding profession, at the crossroads between disciplines and institutions. The activity is constantly evolving, shaped as much by the advent of multiple theoretical frameworks as by societal movements. The number of people using this discipline, which is now also called "mental health" care, is constantly increasing, while at the same time all the players are struggling to recruit professionals. However, patients who have become users can testify to the quality of the caregivers.

A psicopatologia fenomenológica da atenção: entre a descrição e a hermenêutica / Phenomenological psychopathology of attention: between description and hermeneutics / Psychopathologie phénoménologique de l'attention: entre description et heméneutique / La psicopatología fenemonológica de la atención: entre la descripción y la hermenéutica

Neste trabalho, propõe-se uma análise sobre as contribuições da psicopatologia fenomenológica para a consideração crítica dos fenômenos de atenção e desatenção no contexto social e histórico contemporâneo. Para tanto, analisa a matriz naturalista de concepção da atenção e de sua disfunção e situa a psicopatologia fenomenológica; apresenta diretrizes críticas quanto à concepção naturalista das funções executivas e sua correlação com os processos atencionais; interroga descrições da experiência vivida do sujeito desatento e analisa a normatividade social da experiência atentiva e de seus critérios intersubjetivos e contextuais. Ao fim, propõe-se uma hermenêutica dos regimes atencionais contemporâneos, que destaca o acoplamento entre a experiência de fracasso atentivo e as demandas de um mundo cada vez mais recheado de estímulos e mais veloz.

Resumos This paper analyses the contributions of phenomenological psychopathology for the critical consideration of the phenomena of attention and inattention in the contemporary social and historical context. To achieve that goal, we analyzed the naturalist matrix of conception of attention and its dysfunction and situated phenomenological psychopathology. We present critical guidelines regarding the naturalistic conception of executive functions and their correlation with attentional processes and question descriptions of the inattentive subject's experience. We further analyzed the social normativity of the attentive experience and its intersubjective and contextual criteria. Finally, we propose a hermeneutical approach regarding contemporary attention regime, which highlights the link between the experience of attentive failure and the demands of a world that has become increasingly faster and filled with stimuli.

Dans cet essai, nous proposons une analyse des apports de la psychopathologie phénoménologique à la prise en compte critique des phénomènes d'attention et d'inattention dans le contexte social et historique contemporain. Pour cela, nous analysons la matrice naturaliste de conception de l'attention et ses dysfonctionnements et situons la psychopathologie phénoménologique, nous présentons des lignes directrices critiques concernant la conception naturaliste des fonctions exécutives et leur corrélation avec les processus attentionnels, nous interrogeons les descriptions de l'expérience du sujet inattentif et nous analysons la normativité sociale de l'expérience attentive et ses critères intersubjectifs et contextuels. Finalement, nous proposons une approche herméneutique du régime d'attention contemporain qui met en évidence le couplage entre l'expérience de l'échec attentif et les exigences d'un monde de plus en plus rapide et rempli de stimuli.

En este trabajo proponemos un análisis sobre los aportes de la psicopatología fenomenológica a la consideración crítica de los fenómenos de atención y desatención en el ámbito social e histórico contemporáneo. Para ello, se analiza la matriz naturalista de concepción de la atención y su disfunción y se sitúa a la psicopatología fenomenológica; se presentan pautas críticas sobre la concepción naturalista de las funciones ejecutivas y su correlación con los procesos atencionales; se interrogan las descripciones de la experiencia del sujeto desatento; y se analiza la normatividad social de la experiencia de atención y de sus criterios intersubjetivos y contextuales. Por último, se propone un enfoque hermenéutico de los regímenes atencionales contemporáneos, que destaca el acople entre la experiencia del fracaso atencional y las exigencias de un mundo cada vez más rápido y lleno de estímulos.

Vozes do além: uma análise psicopatológica da eclosão de experiências anômalas em médiuns espíritas / Voices from Beyond: A psychopathological analysis of the onset anomalous experiences in spiritists mediums / Les voix de l'au-delà: analyse psychopathologique de l'éclatement d'expériences anormales chez les médiums spirites / Voces del más allá: un análisis psicopatológico del estallido de experiencias anómalas en los médiums espiritistas

As experiências anômalas (EA) são experiências psíquicas inusitadas, não necessariamente patológicas, que ocorrem em contextos espirituais e religiosos. Esse estudo explora o surgimento de EA, suas características e repercussões psíquicas, com base na análise qualitativa do relato autobiográfico de médiuns espíritas. Dez sujeitos foram selecionados e submetidos a um questionário sociodemográfico e a entrevista semiestruturada. As EA surgiram, majoritariamente, na infância e na adolescência dos entrevistados, sendo vagas e associadas a medo, ansiedade e falta de controle, muitas vezes, remetendo à "loucura". Experiências alucinatórias de natureza visual, auditiva e tátil foram descritas de forma marcantemente heterogênea, indicando a importância dos componentes subjetivos e imaginativos, bem como sugerindo que a manifestação de vivências de natureza psicótica ocorra dentro de um campo dimensional complexo.

Anomalous experiences (AE) are unusual psychic events, not necessarily pathological, which occur in religious or spiritual contexts. This study explores the onset of AE in spiritist mediums, their characteristics and psychological effects, based on the qualitative analysis of autobiographical accounts. The ten individuals selected answered a sociodemographic questionnaire and a semi-structured interview. Their AE emerged mainly during childhood or adolescence, being vague and associated with fear, anxiety and lack of control, and often related to "madness." Hallucinatory experiences of visual, auditory and tactile nature were described in a markedly heterogeneous manner, indicating the importance of subjective and imaginative components and suggesting that the manifestation of psychotic-like phenomena takes place within a complex dimensional field.

Les expériences anormales (EA) sont des expériences psychiques inhabituelles, pas forcément pathologiques, qui se produisent dans des contextes spirituels et religieux. Cette étude explore l'éclatement de l'EAs, leurs caractéristiques et leurs répercussions psychiques, à partir de l'analyse qualitative des récits autobiographique de médiums spirites. Les dix individus sélectionnés ont rempli un questionnaire sociodémographique et un entretien semi-structuré. Pour la plupart, les EA sont apparues dans l'enfance et l'adolescence, étant imprécises et associées à la peur, l'anxiété et le manque de contrôle, faisant souvent référence à la "folie". Les expériences hallucinatoires de nature visuelle, auditive et tactile ont été décrites de manière notamment hétérogène, ce qui indique l'importance des composantes subjectives et imaginatives, en suggérant que la manifestation d'expériences de nature psychotique se produit dans un

Las experiencias anómalas (EA) son experiencias psíquicas inusuales, no necesariamente patológicas, que ocurren en contextos espirituales y religiosos. Este estudio explora el advenimiento de las EA, sus características y repercusiones psíquicas, realizando el análisis cualitativo del informe autobiográfico de los médium espiritistas. Diez personas fueron seleccionadas y sometidas a un cuestionario sociodemográfico y a entrevistas semiestructuradas. Las EA se han manifestado, principalmente, en la infancia y la adolescencia de los entrevistados, quienes las consideraban inciertas y las asociaban con el miedo, la ansiedad y la falta de control, a menudo refiriéndose a la "locura". Las experiencias alucinatorias de carácter visual, auditivo y táctil han sido descritas de manera muy heterogénea, lo que indica la importancia de componentes subjetivos e imaginativos, y sugiere que la manifestación de experiencias de naturaleza psicótica ocurre dentro de un campo dimensional complejo.

[Risks and Opportunities of Reproducing with HIV]. / L'impact psychotraumatique de la guerre en Ukraine.

The war in Ukraine is a major and long-lasting polytraumatic event which has deleterious psychological consequences on a very large number of people in the country (combatants, civilians of all ages), or outside the country. These psychological disorders can have a lasting effect on the lives of children, adolescents and adults who are direct or indirect victims.

Transitivismo e psicopatologia na infância / Transitivismo y psicopatologia em la infancia / Transitivism and psychopathology in childhood / Transitivisme et psychopathologie dans la enfance

No presente ensaio teórico, apresenta-se uma leitura da articulação do conceito de transitivismo com a psicopatologia do autismo na infância. Como objeto de pesquisa, utiliza-se um corpus textual composto por escritos de quatro autores que se dedicaram à discussão da psique infantil: Henri Wallon (1879-1962), Jacques Lacan (1901-81), Jean Bergès e Gabriel Balbo. Trabalha-se, ainda, a partir de recortes clínicos de acompanhamentos terapêuticos [AT] com crianças realizados com uma das autoras. A compilação dos recortes clínicos demarca a especificidade da intervenção no AT e aponta a importância de que o profissional psi considere o transitivismo na prática clínica e interrogue-se sobre os obstáculos que se interpõem na organização do transitivismo mãe-criança

En este ensayo teórico, se presenta una lectura de la articulación del concepto de transitivismo con la psicopatología del autismo en la infancia. Como objeto de investigación se utiliza un corpus textual elaborado por cuatro autores dedicados a la discusión de la psique infantil: Henri Wallon (1879-1962), Jacques Lacan (1901-81), Jean Bergès y Gabriel Balbo. También trabajamos a partir de recortes clínicos de acompañamientos terapéuticos [AT]con niños realizados con una de las autoras. La recopilación de recortes clínicos demarca la especificidad de la intervención en el AT y señala la importancia de que el profesional psi considere el transitivismo en la práctica clínica y pregunte por los obstáculos que se interponen en el camino de la organización del transitivismo madre-hijo

In this theoretical essay, the concept of transitivismis articulated with the psychopathology of autism in childhood. As a research object, we work with texts written by four authors who dedicated themselves to the discussion of the infantile psyche: Henri Wallon (1879-1962), Jacques Lacan (1901-81), Jean Bergès and Gabriel Balbo. We also work with clinical excerpts from therapeutic accompaniments [TA] with children that were conducted by one of the authors of this essay. The compilation of the clinical excerpts demarcates the specificity of the intervention in TA and points out how important it is for the psychologist to consider transitivism in the clinical practice and to consider the obstacles that stand in the way of the organization of the mother-child transitivism

Dans le présent essai théorique, nous présentons une lecture de l'articulation du concept de transitivisme avec la psychopathologie de l'autisme dans l'enfance. Comme objet de recherche, nous utilisons un corpus textuel composé pour les écrits de quatre auteurs que se dévoués à la discussion de la psyché infantile: Henri Wallon (1879-1962), Jacques Lacan (1901-81), Jean Bergès et Gabriel Balbo. Nous travaillons encore à partir de vignettes cliniques de les accompagnements thérapeutiques [AT] avec des enfants, réalisés par une de les autrices. La compilation des vignettes cliniques délimite la spécificité de l'interversion dans l'AT et indique l'importance de que le professionnel psy considère le transitivisme dans le pratique clinique et qu'il s'interroge sur les obstacles que s'interposent dans l'organisation du transitivisme mère-enfant

Diagnóstico de autismo: contribuições da teoria psicanalítica / Les contributions de la psychanalyse au diagnostic d'autisme / Psychoanalytical contributions to the autism diagnosis

Diagnóstico de autismo: contribuições da teoria psicanalítica: A partir da noção de sujeito e dos modos de sua constituição perante a orientação psicanalítica lacaniana, podemos definir que o autismo não é meramente um sintoma nem um tipo específico das psicoses, mas uma estrutura clínica com particularidades. Compreende-se o autismo como sendo concernente ao campo psicopatológico, considerando-se a dimensão do sujeito advinda da alteridade. O sintoma é tomado como um fenômeno de relação transferencial que emerge como uma questão de semiologia na classificação, ou seja, o diagnóstico é posto na prática linguística. As controvérsias a respeito das contingências do autismo e das suas possíveis classificações foram expostas neste trabalho para além da descrição operacional atrelada a categorias nosográficas, mas examinadas sob a perspectiva de uma psicopatologia fundamental.

Les contributions de la psychanalyse au diagnostic d'autisme : On part de l'orientation psychanalytique lacanienne pour réfléchir sur le problème que l'autisme constitue dans le scénario actuel. Avec la notion de sujet et les modalités de sa constitution, on peut définir que l'autisme n'est pas simplement un symptôme ou un type spécifique de psychose, mais une structure clinique avec ses propres spécificités. L'autisme est compris comme étant localisé sur le champ psychopathologique, en considérant la dimension du sujet issue de l'altérité. Le symptôme est compris comme un phénomène issu de la relation transférentielle qui émerge comme problème de sémiologie dans la classification, c'est-à-dire que le diagnostic est localisé dans la pratique linguistique. Les controverses par rapport aux contingences sur l'autisme et ses classifications possibles ont été exposées dans cet ouvrage, au-delà de la description opérationnelle liée a des catégories nosographiques, mais examinées sous la perspective d'une psychopathologie fondamentale.

Psychoanalytical contributions to the autism diagnosis: The Lacanian psychoanalytic approach is the starting point to guide the problem that autism constitutes in the current scenario. Considering the notion of subject and the ways in which it is constituted, we can define that autism is not merely a symptom or a specific type of psychosis, but rather a clinical structure with its own specificities. Autism is understood as being situated in the field of psychopathology, taking into consideration the dimension of the subject originated from the otherness. Symptom is understood as a phenomenon in the relationship of transference, which emerges as a problem of semiology in the classification, that is, diagnosis is placed into linguistics practice. The controversies concerning the contingencies over autism and its possible classifications have been described in this paper beyond the operational description tied to nosographic categories, but examined under the perspective of a fundamental psychopathology.

Clínica, psicopatologia e laço social hoje / Clinique, psychopathologie et lien social aujourd'hui / Clinic, psychopathology and social bond today

Procuramos debater algumas perspectivas da clínica contemporânea e do campo da psicopatologia no contexto do laço social hoje, tomando como base as mudanças conceituais em Jacques Lacan sobre o Nome-doPai e as incidências sobre a noção de suplência no seu último ensino. Entendemos que a renovação da clínica em Lacan revigora a psicopatologia na lógica borromeana e orienta a prática do psicanalista na clínica do Real.

Clinique, psychopathologie et lien social aujourd'hui: On cherche à débattre de certaines perspectives de la clinique contemporaine et du domaine de la psychopathologie dans le contexte du lien social aujourd'hui. On l'examine à partir des changements conceptuels de Jacques Lacan autour du Nom-du-Père et des incidences sur la notion de suppléance dans ses dernières études. On comprend que la rénovation de la clinique de Lacan revigore la psychopathologie dans la logique borroméenne et guide la pratique du psychanalyste dans la clinique du Réel.

Clinic, psychopathology and social bond today: In this study, we discussed some perspectives of contemporary clinic and psychopathology field in the current social bond context, based on Jacques Lacan's concept changes regarding the Name-of-The-Father and the incidences of s replacement notion in his last teaching. We understand that clinic reformulation in Lacan invigorates the field of psychopathology in Borromean logic and guides psychoanalysts' practices in the clinic of the real.

Brazil: hate and intolerance in times of pandemic in a mixed-race country.

This paper intends to analyse the current political and social situation in Brazil and show how this context has influenced the management of the public health crisis generated by the COVID-19 pandemic. To this end, the authors conducted an investigation into Brazil's historical roots, which have not only engendered deep class differences but, also, social psychopathologies such as dissociation and perversion. Finally, this paper presents a symbolic analysis of social exclusion and how the mythical figure of Sophia can inspire a renewed movement of inclusion and tolerance.

Cet article se propose d'analyser la situation politique et sociale actuelle au Brésil et de montrer comment ce contexte a influencé la gestion de la crise sanitaire publique générée par la COVID-19. Dans ce but, les autrices ont conduit une enquête approfondie sur les racines historiques du Brésil, racines qui ont engendré non seulement de profondes différences de classes mais également des psychopathologies sociales, telles la dissociation et la perversion. Cet article présente en conclusion une analyse symbolique de l'exclusion sociale et montre comment le personnage mythique de Sophia peut inspirer un mouvement renouvelé d'inclusion et de tolérance.

El presente trabajo intenta analizar la situación actual política y social en Brasil y muestra como este contexto ha influenciado el manejo de la crisis de la salud pública generada por la pandemia del COVID-19. A este fin, las autoras llevaron a cabo una investigación sobre las raíces históricas de Brasil, las cuales, no solamente han generado profundas diferencias de clase, sino también psicopatologías sociales como disociación y perversión. Finalmente, el presente trabajo presenta un análisis simbólico de la exclusión social y cómo la figura mítica de Sophia puede inspirar un movimiento renovador de inclusión y tolerancia.

A personal commentary on J.W. Perry, M.D., and introduction to 'Reconstitutive process in the psychopathology of the Self'.

John Weir Perry's influence on the understanding of the psychotic process through his research in San Francisco between 1950 and 1981 was groundbreaking, because it both verified and expanded upon C.G. Jung's research at the Burghölzli Hospital in Switzerland in the early 1900's. The author explores both the brilliance of Perry's contribution as a psychiatrist and Jungian analyst and also shows the flawed human, who, with his rare sensitivity to the psychotic process, devoted his life work to the schizophrenic population and their often ill-fated search for meaning. She tells how his creative engagement with the analytic processes of Self discovery eventually led to analytic boundary violations, which ultimately resulted in his indefinite suspension from membership in his local Jungian community. Further, this paper describes her reflections on the innovative work that influenced both the treatment of this population, as well as educating candidates in analytical training to be receptive to and cognizant of psychotic affects and imagery. The archetypal field of the psychotic process, its influence on the development of analytical psychology relative to the psychotic process, and one man's impact on the analytic community are considered.

L'influence de John Weir Perry sur la compréhension du processus psychotique à travers ses recherches à San Francisco entre 1950 et 1981 fut considérable. Elle confirma et élargit les recherches de C.G. Jung au Burghölzli en Suisse au début du XXème siècle. L'auteur explore d'une part l'intelligence de la contribution de Perry en tant que psychiatre et analyste Jungien et d'autre part l'être humain imparfait qui, avec sa sensibilité rare au processus psychiatrique a consacré l'œuvre de sa vie aux patients schizophrènes et à leur recherche de sens souvent tragique. Elle évoque comment son engagement créatif avec les processus analytiques de découverte du Soi l'ont finalement conduit à des violations du cadre analytique, ce qui eut pour conséquence ultime la suspension définitive de son appartenance à sa communauté Jungienne locale. De plus, cet article décrit les réflexions de l'auteur sur le travail innovant qui influença à la fois le traitement des schizophrènes et l'éducation des candidats dans la formation analytique pour qu'ils deviennent réceptifs et informés en ce qui concerne les affects et l'imagerie psychotiques. L'article s'intéresse au champ archétypal du processus psychotique, à son influence sur le développement de la psychologie analytique dans le domaine du processus psychotique, et à l'impact d'un homme sur la communauté analytique.

La influencia de John Weir Perry a la comprensión de los procesos psicóticos a través de su investigación en San Francisco entre 1950 y 1981 fue pionera, al verificar y expandir las investigaciones de C.G. Jung en el Hospital Bürgholzli, en Suiza a comienzos de l900. La autora explora tanto la brillantez de las contribuciones de Perry como psiquiatra y analista Junguiano, y también muestra al humano imperfecto, quien, con su rara sensibilidad al proceso psicótico, dedicó su trabajo de vida a la población esquizofrénica y a sus - a menudo inútiles - búsquedas de sentido. Ella cuenta como su compromiso creativo con el proceso analítico de autodescubrimiento condujo eventualmente a violaciones de los límites analíticos, las cuales resultaron en la suspensión indefinida de su membresía en la comunidad Junguiana local. A su vez, el presente trabajo describe las reflexiones de la autora, sobre el innovador trabajo que ha influenciado tanto el tratamiento de dicha población, como también el educar a los candidatos en formación analítica, a ser receptivos y conscientes de la imaginería y de las emociones en la psicosis. Son considerados el campo arquetípico en el proceso psicótico, su influencia en el desarrollo de la psicología analítica relativa al proceso psicótico y el impacto de un hombre en la comunidad analítica.

Psychopathology and Parental Stress in 3-6-Year-Old Children with Incontinence.

Objective: Incontinence and functional gastrointestinal disorders are common in young children and are associated with higher rates of psychological symptoms and mental disorders. This article focuses on the mutual association between incontinence and related toilet refusal syndrome, parental stress, and children's psychopathology especially in young children. Methods: Children's psychological symptoms, mental disorders, and parental stress levels were assessed in 38 parent-child dyads involving children with incontinence and 42 dyads of typically developing (TD) children. Results: Compared to TD children, patients had higher internalizing and externalizing CBCL scores and higher rates of clinically relevant externalizing problems. However, the rates of clinically relevant internalizing problems and mental disorders did not differ. The parents of children with incontinence reported significantly higher stress levels regarding child-related stress factors (PSI-CD) than did parents of TD children. However, there were no clinically relevant parental stress scores on a group level, which remained below the clinical range (T-value < 60). When simultaneously analyzed, children's (comorbid) mental disorders but not incontinence had a major impact on parental stress. Conclusions: Despite moderate stress levels, incontinence symptoms, urinary and fecal incontinence are highly prevalent in young children. However, stress among parents of young children was mainly elicited by any (comorbid) mental disorder.

Déficits précoces de l'empathie et psychopathologie Early empathy deficits and psychopathology.

Empathy is a complex social-cognitive ability that is best understood by distinguishing its emotional, cognitive and motivational dimensions, which from early childhood interact between the child and her/his social environment. To date, among the many factors that are acknowledged to influence the development of empathy, children's temperament and parenting behaviors have been identified as interacting in predicting the extent to which children demonstrate empathic responses. Recent studies in developmental social neuroscience cast light on the neural networks engaged in the development of each of the dimensions that constitute empathy, which are needed to navigate social interaction and establishing positive social relationships. Indeed, early deficits in empathic processes can lead to difficulties in socialization, particularly associated with reduced attention to others' emotions, especially when they are suffering, a lesser degree of remorse and guilt, and a greater tendency to ignore social norms or break the rules. Difficulties in socialization are particularly visible in two well-known developmental disorders: children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and children with conduct disorder and callous unemotional traits (CU). This paper provides a critical and selective review of recent empirical studies in psychopathology and developmental neuroscience by addressing the dimensions underlying empathy, specifically emotional sharing and caring for others. For children with ASD, some studies report that they pay less attention to another person in distress. However, functional neuroimaging studies conducted with ASD adolescents indicate that the emotional dimension appears to be preserved, but a lack of emotional self-regulation may impair them from experiencing empathic concern. Children with conduct disorder and CU traits clearly manifest a reduced autonomic nervous system response to others' distress or suffering. This may account for their disregard or contempt for others' well-being and social norms. Functional neuroimaging studies show that atypical patterns of brain activity at 15 months of age can predict later severe conduct disorder. Neural regions engaged in emotional processing such as the anterior cingulate cortex, insula and amygdala shown reduced activation to empathy-eliciting stimuli in children with CU. Finally, the genetic nature of CU traits is highlighted in several studies. We conclude by proposing several avenues for developmental research to identify biomarkers from an early age and by inviting to focus on psychological interventions with those populations accordingly.

L'empathie est un phénomène complexe dont la compréhension est améliorée par la distinction de ses dimensions émotionnelle, cognitive et motivationnelle, qui interagissent entre I'individu et son l'environnement dès le plus jeune âge. Des déficits précoces dans les processus empathiques peuvent conduire à des difficultés de socialisation qui se manifestent particulièrement chez les enfants présentant des troubles du spectre de l'autisme et le trouble des conduites. Cette revue critique des connaissances en psychopathologie et neuroscience développementale aborde les dimensions sous-jacentes à l'empathie que sont le partage affectif et le souci de l'autre. L'article conclut en proposant des pistes de recherche pour identifier des biomarqueurs précoces.

Targeting all psychopathological dimensions in the treatment of anorexia nervosa.

Efforts to improve the prognosis of subjects with anorexia nervosa [AN] through the development of specific therapeutic interventions have yielded unsatisfactory results. AN can be perceived as a mental disorder that is clinically composed of disturbed psychopathological dimensions found in major depressive disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and delusional disorder somatic type. Future treatment strategies of patients with AN might target these multiple psychopathological dimensions. Considering that each of these dimensions is known to be best treated with psychopharmacologic drugs such as antidepressants, mood stabilizers and antipsychotic drugs, AN treatment guidelines may need to consider prescribing them to patients.